Saturday, January 25, 2020
Denition Of Baby Dumping Theology Religion Essay
Denition Of Baby Dumping Theology Religion Essay The issues of the baby dumping become a contemporary issues that never decrease in term of their quantity. Nowadays, this issues become more worse compared to previous years. We can say that, the baby dumping activities always happening almost everyday. According to the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM), they stated that, the meaning of the baby dumping is the act of leaving away their babies at the any places without taking care of that babies. According to the Community, Family and Women Ministry, the issues of baby dumping already had achieved almost to thousand per a year. This cases become a hot and big topic around malaysians people. Many parties had already discussing about this problem that commonly happen in Malay communities. The question that we should always asking is, why this problems always happen toward our teenagers? According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia it define baby dumping as a social problem that happen when the mother of the baby want to abondent or have willing to leave their children in public or private places with the intent to dispose their baby without have heart to take care their babies. Usually this kind of cases happened when the mother of the baby have giving birth to the unwanted babies. Thus, to cover all their mistakes, they take a drastic way by dispose their own babies. Besides that, the Wikipedia also defined baby dumping as a rejecting and throwing a baby away after the mother of the baby have giving a birth and exposeing their baby with the danger in a means to make sure their baby death. In addition, according to Kamus Dewan Edisi 4, page 208, the term dumping give a means throw, delete and remove while the meaning for the word baby is a newborn child by the mother. If we combined the meaning of the baby dumping, it give to us a deep meaning as a dumped or eliminate the innocent child to everywhere without have any humane nature. The meaning that was given by the dictionary give a more and better understand about the issues that was always happened and occured in our country. Besides that, baby dumping also can be defined as when a pair of irresponsible parent either already married or not make a decision to just abandon their unwanted baby in unfavorable places such as dumpstair, abondan places even in front of other houses. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO CURB THE BABY DUMPING Some of the steps that was taken by the parties either by government, parent and school cannot brought a successfull method in order to overcome this kind of issue. Therefore, it is important to discuss the alternative ways in order to curb this baby dumping problems. GOVERNMENT The other alternatives that government shall take is set up the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Bank. It is was proposed by Selangor police, Chief Datuk Khalid Abu Bakar in year 2010. In Malaysia, using DNA Bank to solve the crime cases like baby dumping is a one of the new approach. The DNA Bank will give a lot of benefict for the police by facilitate their investigation. For baby dumping cases, DNA Bank can trace the parents that abandoned their newborn babies because DNA Bank will keep the DNA of all newborn babies. Thus, any person that abandoned their babies will easily to get trace by the police. Besides the baby dumping cases, DNA Bank also can help the police in other crime cases, like murder, robbery cases and so on. Eventhough this facilities will give alot of benefit to solve the crime issues, but it may going to take a time and need a lot of cost to build this facilities in our country. However, it still become a best solution to address cases that related with baby dumping p roblems. Second alternatives that government can take in action is reconstruct the syllabus. The present syllabus that our children used today is good enough to them become acknowledgeable person but there are leakage in creating an awareness to our children regarding the sexual relationship. Thus, government should reconstruct or add the syllabus in certain subject like in Pendidikan Islam and Pendidikan Moral. The element that can create and rise the awareness and could highlight the consequences of social problem like free sex and baby dumping should be emphasized. Besides reconstruct the syllabus, the government also should exterminate the pornographic material either from internet or in form of electronic multimedia. This kind of things will influence the teenager to do a bad thing easily if the immediate and the drastic step did not take by the government. Nowadays, teenagers can access this pornographic material by using the internet so government should block all this matter from ente r to our country. Set a strict rule also can be taken by government in order to overcome this cases. The promotion of islam as a way of life also can be a excellent alternative to reduce the number of baby dumping statistic because the majority person that involved in baby dumping cases are muslim youth. Therefore, the government can hired the islamic scholar or ulama to take a reesponsible to explain and have a some talk about the religion to our young generation. Beside that, when there is a program or when there is a national celebration, the government could invited the religious person or motivator to motivate our citizen instead of invite the singer to organise their concert. One of the politician in our country had said that, one of the reason why the baby dumping in our country increase for every year is due to the entertaiment that they easily to get. Too entertaimnet that didnot give any benefit for them will cause them to get chances involve in social problem. Other than that, government also should give a support for NGO activities. One of the method that NGO organised t o overcome this problem is by providing baby hatch. The baby hatch was get supported by our Ministry of Women, Family Community development. The function of baby hatch is to help the women especially the young women that need help from abandoning their babies by providing place for them to leave their unwanted babies instead of throwing them in unsuitable places. Thus, this baby hatch should be build in other state so that this problem can resolved. SCHOOL School plays important role to help in curbing the baby dumping problem among the teenagers. The first alternative that the school should do is increase the knowledge and social skill among the teenagers. The teacher should not just teach the students about the knowledge in textbook, but they also should have iniciative to teach the student about the general knowledge including the sexuality issues. The students should know how worse the social problem that just happening in our country. They also should have some knowledge how to take care themselve from being trapping in free sex and also baby dumping cases. Besides that, the teenagers also need some skill to make decision about when they should initiate with sex, with whom and under what circumstances they should know about the sex. Besides the knowledges, school also should provided the martial art class. This martial art class is important to teenager to have a some skill to defence them from be a victim in sexuality issue. The second alternative is school should offer reproductive health service and contraception. Normally, the facilities was only exist in public and private family planning clinic. Thus, the teenagers that have some problem in sexuality relationship may feel embarrassed due to the perception of cammunity toward them. We should take some example from United State, they also offer reproductive health in school to give their students the knowledges regarding with the sexual relationship. By providing this service in school, the students can use it to get counseling session regarding with their sexuality relationship. To overcome the baby dumping issues, besides give counseling, the service also can organise communication program for parents and teen to discuss about the teenagers problem in sex education. It is important to enhance the teens sense of personal development and to parent in knowing about their children problems. The third method that the school can do is by applying the sex education to their students. Sex education in school is a better option to overcome this problem. But, many parties may have a wrong perception toward the objective of sex education in school. actually, it is not the teacher teach the student about how to have a safe free sex, but the objective of sex education are to provide the awareness to the students and let them to have a better understanding of reproductive system and health. It is important to provide the students especially female students about the consequences of having a relationship with a boy in a early stage. Beside that, sex education could give the extra knowledge and tend to reduce the number of unprotected sexual intercourse and also illegal pregnancy. We should learn from Singapore, they addressed the issues much better and faster than us. Now, the sex education was formally taught in upper primary school until the pre university level. The objective t hat Singapore emphasized regarding the sex education are to building the teenagers that mature and be responsible with their own body. PARENT Parents play a high role to teach their kids to become good in their own behavior. Thus, the role of parent in curbing the baby dumping need to address very well. First of all, the parent should openly discussed about the sex education with their children. Eventhough the topic about the sex education is still taboo to aur culture, but it is important to prevent the teenage to get the wrong information about sex from wrong sources. Parents always refuse and opposed to discuss about the sex with their children and leave the respnsible to the teacher only. Thus, the parent should take their own role to reduce the number of baby dumping in our country. The parent should have initiative to story the consequences of being in a relationship in an early stage to their children. The children should know how they should respect their own body by not letting any men touch their body without have any legal relationship. Beside that, if the children asking the questions, the parent should provide the actual answer to their children. They should not give a wrong answer because the children may have cinfusing in understanding that topic. Second alternative that the parent could taken is supervise their children activities. Parent should know very well about what their children do and with who their children befriend. If necessary, parent should control their children when they frequently love to hangout with their friend instead of staying at home. Once, before egulate all their children activities including their children social life, but now parents is different. They believe that their children can manage their life very well even without their parent guide. They also should firm their childrem activities relating with the activities that do not good for their life. Sometimes, parents did not give a full attention to their children because of too much spending with their work. Thus, the children feel boring staying at home by themselve and finally take a decision to hangout with their friends that tend to involve in social problem. So, parent should spent their time with their children in order to understand their children behaviour and problems.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Foxconn Case Study
Vietnam Value system chosen: ââ¬Å"Achievement Disease In Educationâ⬠1. In any country, education plays a very important role to promote the development of all economics and society. However, with methods of education for so long which do not fit the requirements of the new era, Vietnam education is producing passive ââ¬Å"peopleâ⬠who is good at theory but bad at practice. Students and even teachers nowadays are always under a great deal of pressure from the so-called ââ¬Å"Achievement easeâ⬠.Vietnamese obsession of having any type of ââ¬Å"achievementâ⬠creates a negative effect in education. While students are having pressure of getting good grades In order to fulfill their parents' will, teachers also have to make sure all of their students receive good marks to meet the school's decided achievement. This might sound obvious, however there are students who are good at math but not good In science, who loves study and who don't. As a result, academic disho nesty Like cheating exam Is likely to be occur frequently these days.My attempt In this paper s to contribute my voice to acknowledge and make people understand more about this fact in education in Vietnam as well as giving suggestion to eliminate this situation. 2. The definition of ââ¬Å"Achievement Diseaseâ⬠: ââ¬Å"Achievementâ⬠simply is an accomplishment in whatever goals you've set for yourself, not necessarily earning a lot of money. Achievement is doing what you want to do within the bounds of the law. It Is the pursuit of dreams. It is liberty from the chains of fear and unbelief.It Is recognition of what makes you unique and what you have to offer others. It Is the realization, the substance, and the tangibly of a dream fulfilled. Thus, we can understand that ââ¬Å"Achievement Disease in educationâ⬠is a type of disease which people try seeking to pursues achievements at any cost even with doing dishonesty or unethical behavior. Regarding the above explan ation, taking efforts to pursue achievements of an individual or a group is a good moral character. It should be commend and encourage to every people.Just imagine a country in which every member takes efforts to achieve higher performance on the fields of activities: sports, arts, education, manufacturing, trade, technology and so on for his/her on sake and for the whole community. The country Is certainly wealthy and prosperous In Its economy as well as society. However, when these efforts to achieve a good and necessary qualities of each which causes the system to be corrupted. To simplify the definition of this term, let's just think of the basic differences between ââ¬Å"original achievementsâ⬠with ââ¬Å"Achievement Diseaseâ⬠is the different between genuine goods and counterfeiting goods.And the key factor that makes the difference is the existed or non-existed of onsets. 3. According to Murray (1938), he considered that need for achievements as one of the basic h uman needs. 4. Degree Appreciation is a serious issue in Vietnam Society nowadays. In fact, the psychology of degree appreciation is essential and remains harmless if it goes with a proper certification mechanism, which reflects one's capability through the degree. Japan is considered to be the most succeeded country in pursuing degree appreciation. Here, the employee assessment relies heavily on their degree which trigger a strong competition in the society.People are urging to receive alluvial degrees to ensure their premise for success. However, this is a totally different story in Vietnam. In a lot of cases, the degrees are not associated with actual capacity of the owners. In Vietnam, most people think that the best way to pursue successful in life is to obtain good university degree. This seems to be a huge burden creates by parents and the society, which forces the children to try their best to fulfill their parents. Unfortunately, many young people who do not pass this press ure fell into fear and depression feeling, even leads to suicide.It is a painful truth seeing many students duty 12 hours a day, 7 days a week for the periodical achievements which are mostly useless in the future. Currently, every Vietnamese family and person has a desire that they themselves or family members could achieve a university degree. This is actually one type of ââ¬Å"achievement diseaseâ⬠which leads to the fact of redundant in teachers but shortage in workers and the more dangerous disease of ââ¬Å"actual degree but simulated manâ⬠. In a society where people only appreciate educational degree but underestimate the real ability of individuals may leads to severe consequences on the society:In Vietnam, we could easily find information regarding the evils of degree buying, point selling, academic degree selling, etcâ⬠¦. Due to the fact that high positions always go along with better degree, in many cases a person is promoted in a higher position but he doe sn't meet the position degree criteria. As a result, he must buy a good degree to fulfill the promotion requirements or to keep the existing position. Therefore in Vietnamese language we have a phrase called: ââ¬Å"Paper P. H. D or Paper Masterâ⬠that implies people who use their money to buy fake certificates or degrees.Not until recently does the story about the fake degrees and certificates appears, it has been existed for many years since the beginning of ââ¬Å"Doi Momâ⬠policy. People always desire to have a position in the society. However at ââ¬Å"old age, exhausted intelligenceâ⬠, most people do not have enough time to study properly to obtain Due to the degree appreciation that has been rooted in most family, from kindergarten period till high school, parents always try to have their children study in granted schools and selected classes or extra study so that their children could be bled to pass universities entrance examinations.As a result, some of so-c alled ââ¬Å"granted schoolâ⬠is always overloaded and ran out of vacancy. However, in order to send their children to those schools and arrange at the best class, parents are often willing to ââ¬Å"bribeâ⬠teachers. However, we cannot blame the parents because they are just the victims of the degree requirements society. The situation is that those who have more degrees or higher qualifiers will be preferable than those have less. They do not test the real capability of the individuals but rather seeing if the individual acts all the degree criteria or not.One other impact of ââ¬Å"Achievement Diseaseâ⬠is that young people nowadays tends to choose the major which help them obtain money and promotion after graduation or easy to study. At the same time, they turn their back on the society and humanity major, agricultureâ⬠¦ It is said that the reason why young people turn their back on the social sciences and humanities is the bad impression from the high school education. There is an implicit distinction between main and minor subjects. Math, physics, chemistry, foreign languages are always carefully taught by the teachers.Meanwhile, other subjects such as literature, history, geography seems to be taught briefly since teachers do not really care about what student acquired during the course. On the other hand, many students consider not taking priority learning social subjects since they find it harder to find Job and receive low payment. A lot of students say that the graduate from social sciences could only find Job in government companies where they have to work within the framework like a robot rather than creation.Other reason is that the massive expansion of banking and business companies rates a lot of Job opportunities with high salaries attracts many students and so that most of them choose economic majors. As a chain effect, students always choose economics to study as a secure decision and ignore their true passion and hobby. A lso, since in Vietnam society students of economics are likely to be more appreciated and respected rather than study social science or humanity. The ââ¬Å"Achievement Diseaseâ⬠also appears to be happened at school.For example, in most schools, the most concerns are how to help the student study well and the ratio of graduated students. At the beginning of each year, most schools have to assign a goal setting towards the ratio of graduate student. If at the end school doesn't make its own criteria, it will hurt its reputation which might result in fewer investments from higher levels. As the solution, in a lot of schools, teachers are assigned to change the students score in order to meet the school's standard. This creates a significantly negative effect to the education sector and causes it to be more and more corrupted. , Remedies to this situation: should be a coordination and agreement between every management levels to repose a suitable solution. Examination and quality evaluation must be implemented seriously. The education sector needs to have a long term strategy for the radical solution, synchronize but not hasty and impatient. We have to stay consistency to our goal but the methods have to be very flexible and capable of changes when needed. Currently, we need to strengthen the inspection of examination, giving strictly sanctions to the individual or group of people who deliberately try to violate the rules.On the mean time government should focusing ore on providing extra education to teachers so that they can cope up with model teaching methods, increasing investment in infrastructures and facilities to schools. Once the quality of education is fundamentally improved, ââ¬Å"Achievement Diseaseâ⬠will eventually be eliminated. At the same time, we have to promote, encourages motivate teachers and education managers striving to overcome the outdated, inertia of the old education systems. This will be a long process of striven for educat ion sector in particular and society as a whole.In addition, we should prevent the phenomenon of achievingâ⬠unrealistic goals, ratio which causes students as well as schools to dishonestly produce a fake result in study. Meanwhile, all upper levels agencies should not put ââ¬Å"Achievementâ⬠pressure on an area which has low-graduate rates but rather confront other real result, analyses to find out the main causes as well as delivering proper solutions to the situation. At the same time. Reforming the student assessment methods, since the current system measures success on the basis of completion of a particular grade but fails to measure students' capacity.More appropriate assessment methods could identify a child's problems in a timely manner allowing for pragmatic adjustment. As we have already discussed, obsession of obtaining degrees and qualifications is also a main cause of ââ¬Å"Academic Achievement Diseaseâ⬠. Therefore, companies should not only based on o ne's qualifications but also evaluate carefully one's real capability through giving tasks and observe the final results. In order to accomplish this, in all industry, individual capability assessment needs to be changed so that there will be no more ââ¬Å"Paper P. HP' or ââ¬Å"Paper Masterâ⬠and so on.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Tuesdays with Morrie Essay - 1074 Words
ââ¬Å"It is through literature that we learn about life. Through literature we profit from the experiences of others, comparing them with our own.â⬠- Bob Cameron The essay question: Using reader-response theory and the quote by Bob Cameron, discuss how effectively Mitch Albom, author of Tuesdays with Morrie, uses plot and story, character development, point of view, theme, and symbols to convey his mesage. Include your personal thoughts and views, as well as textual references, to support your opinions. In Mitch Albomââ¬â¢s Tuesdayââ¬â¢s with Morrie, Albom detailed his personal experiences with his professor Morrie Schwartz. Mitch also expressed how influential Morrie was to his friends, relatives, patients, and coworkers. Within this essay,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Within the memoir, Morrie and Mitch were the main rounded characters, while a flat character was any character other than Mitch and Morrie such as their friends, family, and coworkers. If the author could have developed some of the flat characters the reader would have profited from their experiences. Of the flat characters, Morrieââ¬â¢s family required the greatest need for the development from flat to round since they spent the most time with Morrie and were most likely suffering from more emotional pain than Mitch. However, considering Cameronââ¬â¢s quote, if the flat characters were to even be developed, then that may have taken away from the underlying plot, theme, or even Morrie and Mitchââ¬â ¢s relationship. The point of view was exclusively presented through Mitch. Mitch had the ability to communicate Morrieââ¬â¢s perception, how Mitch described himself, and how Mitch compared himself before and after Morrieââ¬â¢s death. Mitch described Morrieââ¬â¢s personality and how he had felt about things by describing most of his earlier experiences with Morrie and by describing his personality after Morrie had been diagnosed with ALS. Throughout the memoir, Mitch characterized his personality as being a person who ââ¬Å"never [cried]â⬠(51), ââ¬Å"traded lots of dreams for a bigger paycheck, andâ⬠¦ neverâ⬠¦ realizedShow MoreRelatedTuesdays with Morrie Essay1149 Words à |à 5 PagesTuesdays with Morrie. The symbolic interactionism is an excellent sociological perspective that allows us to focus on micro activities and to analyze our society which is the product of everydayââ¬â¢s life. Tuesdays with Morrie is more than a simple book, more than a romance one; it is a great book that teaches us many of lifeââ¬â¢s greatest lessons. An analysis of this book using the SI perspective and concepts such as meaning making, status, impression management, looking-glass self, role taking, roleRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay812 Words à |à 4 PagesThe focus throughout Tuesdays with Morrie was on life. Many might see it as the story of death, but it is actually the story life. Morrie might talk a little on how he meets death, but what he is talking about is living at the end of his life. Mitch writes, ââ¬Å"Now here we were . . . . . . Dying man talks to living man, tells him what he should know.â⬠(Albom, 133) When a timer is placed on Morrieââ¬â¢s remaining days, he obtains a dying manââ¬â¢s perspective on what is truly important in life, and how to incorporateRead MoreEssay on Tuesdays with Morrie577 Words à |à 3 PagesTuesdays with Morrie The setting is late of 1979. A young boy visits with an elderly man every Tuesday to be enlightened on the meaning of life. His name is Mitchell, but friends call him ?Mitch.? The greatest lesson of life is life. Professor Morrie Schwartz is a special teacher, not only is he an instructor, but a mentor and a friend. He is a small elderly man with thin gray hair who dresses casual in old gray sweatshirts. Morrie was a dancer and also a prominent doctor of sociology. He wasRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay1333 Words à |à 6 PagesCassandra Stephens December 3, 2012 Psy. 120- Book Review Professor Dr. Priebe Summary: Tuesdays with Morrie, was based on a true story about friendship and lessons learned. Itââ¬â¢s about a sports writer, Mitch and former sociology professor, Morrie, who is in his last days of life after being diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and their rekindled relationship after many years. They first met on the campus grounds at Brandeis University. This never forgotten relationship wasRead More Tuesdays with Morrie Essay659 Words à |à 3 Pages At first glance, the movie, Tuesdays With Morrie, appeared to be a movie about an ex-student learning a final lesson about life from his dying ex-professor. But, as the movie progressed, I felt it was actually a movie about two dying men. Morrie, the old professor, was in the final stages of ALS and physically dying. Mitch, the former student was a commitment-phobic living an unfulfilled life and spiritually dying. Spiritual death is reversible, so Mitch tried to gain some of the wisdom and learnRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie: a Critical Analysis Essay993 Words à |à 4 PagesTuesdays with Morrie Critical Analysis Essay In an effort to share the ââ¬Å"last classâ⬠he had with his college sociology professor, Mitch Album wrote, ââ¬Å"Tuesdays with Morrie.â⬠This moving account of the life lessons that Morrie taught him is a beautiful tribute to a man whose compassion and love for humanity made him a favorite among those who knew him. Though stricken with the debilitating disease ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and knowing death was swiftly approaching Morrie continuedRead MoreReflection on Tuesdays With Morrie Essay1757 Words à |à 8 PagesReflection on Tuesdays With Morrie Tuesdays With Morrie is a heart-touching story of a retired Brandeis University sociology professor, Morrie Schwartz, teaching some of lifeââ¬â¢s greatest lessons to a former student, Mitch Albom, the author. Mitch, on his graduation from Brandeis University had promised to keep in touch with his favorite professor, Morrie Schwartz. But he never did until Morrie was dying. Morrie was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); a severe debilitating diseaseRead MoreEssay on Mitch Albomââ¬â¢s Tuesdays with Morrie1027 Words à |à 5 PagesMitch Albomââ¬â¢s novel Tuesdays with Morrie delves into the complexities of the human condition from the stand point of an elderly man that is slowly dying from the disease ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The man, Morrie, decides to spend the last of his time on earth spreading his wisdom to as many people as possible, teaching them a lot about the importance of life, as well as what is necessary to live life to the fullest and b e truly happy. What Morrie teaches these people is something greatRead MoreTuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom Essay1250 Words à |à 5 PagesTuesdays With Morrie Many people learn many things in many different ways. Most learn in school or church, some learn in asking questions, but I believe the best lessons are taught from a good friend. Tuesdays With Morrie is a true story of the remarkable lessons taught by a dying professor, Morrie Schwartz, to his pupil, Mitch Albom. Morrie teaches Mitch the lessons of life, lessons such as death, fear, aging, greed, marriage, family, society, forgiveness, and a meaningful life. This isRead MoreEssay on Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albon639 Words à |à 3 Pagesthat person was Morrie Schwartz, his college professor. The book Tuesdays with Morrie ââ¬Å"is a book about on old man a young man, and lifeââ¬â¢s greatest lessonsâ⬠written by Mitch Albon. The story is about Mitchââ¬â¢s favorite professor from Brandes University, Morrie. Morrie now suffers from ALS, a very cruel disease that disables the body, slowly. Morrie had taught sociology and continues to teach, Mitch ââ¬Å"the meaning of lifeâ⬠and how to accept death and ageing. The book Tuesday with Morrie is home to many
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Surrealism, By Walter Friedlander s Duality Of Rational...
Surrealism. Surrealism is defined as a 20th century art movement, which attempted to tap into the subconscious mind of the artist. This style of painting involved creating imagery and ideas that were seen to contradict each other. In a surrealistic work of art, the world of dream and the world of imagination are joined to the everyday reality. Therefore, it combines both a very rational, and irrational style. Surrealist Theory was based on a simplistic understanding of the writings of Sigmund Freud recreated for the use of poets and visual artists, the mind and human psychology became a source of inspiration. Like the underdeveloped photograph, the contents of the mind are latent, speaking in a secretly language that is wholly private and individual. Surrealism sought this secret language through the fixing of the dream images into works of art. The broad meaning of Surrealism represents a significant constituent of human feeling, a love for the world of dreams and of fantasy. In Walter Friedlanderââ¬â¢s duality of rational-irrational, this is the real for the irrational; it depends upon inspiration rather than upon rules, and it values the free play of the individual imagination rather than the codification of the deals of society or of history. Artists such as Hieronymous Bosh, Salvador Rose and Goya all explored the free element of fantasy as only a part of a total conception that is basically traditional. The class of subject matter chosen by the artist and their
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